A herniated disc, also referred to as a slipped or ruptured disc, occurs when the soft inner core of a spinal disc pushes through the tough outer layer. This protrusion can compress nearby nerves, leading to symptoms such as localized pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness. Herniated discs can be caused by age-related degeneration, injury, or excessive strain on the spine.

Spinal stenosis is a medical condition where the spinal canal, which houses the spinal cord and nerve roots, becomes narrowed. This narrowing can lead to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots, causing a range of symptoms such as persistent pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness. These symptoms can occur in various parts of the body, including the back, legs, and arms, and may worsen over time.